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+======Events======
+| Go Back to ^ [[roleplaying:rulesversailles]] ^
+=====Talk at the Court=====
+===News===
+  *  Affiches, Annonces et Avis Divers --- A newspaper of the times, in which the advertisements of fiefs of counties were often sold.
+===Wars===
+  *  1718-20: War of the Quadruple Alliance --- a minor European war fought mostly in Italy, between Spain on the one side, and the Quadruple Alliance of The Holy Roman Empire, France, Great Britain, and the United Provinces.
+  *  1733-38: War of the Polish Succession --- a European war and a Polish civil war, with considerable interference from other countries, to determine the succession to Augustus II, King of Poland, as well as an attempt by the Bourbon powers to check the power of the Habsburgs in western Europe.
+  *  1741-48: War of the Austrian Succession ---  Emperor CHARLES VI. (in German : Karl VI.) had no male heir. In order to insure the inheritance of his daughter MARIA THERESIA in all the Habsburgian possessions, the PRAGMATIC SANCTION was set up. Austrian diplomacy, by making a number of concessions, achieved the recognition of this document by most of the powers, including France. The French court, however, was determined to use the opportunity of Charles VI.' death in 1740 to weaken the Habsburg monarchy. While France herself did not take any action against Austria, she supported those who declared their candidacy for the Imperial crown (Charles of Bavaria; Charles Emmanual III. of Savoy, Augustus III. of Saxony) and those who were to use the opportunity to conquer and annex a part of the Habsburg territories. ---Since 1737, Austria, in alliance with Russia, was involved in another war with the Ottoman Empire; in 1739, peace was concluded, at the expense of the cession of Serbia and Little Wallachia to the Ottoman Empire, to free Habsburg forces in the event of Emperor Charles' death.
+  *  1756-63: Seven Years' War
+  *  1789-99: The French Revolution
+  *  1792-15: The Great French War --- the period of conflict beginning on April 20, 1792 and continuing until November 20, 1815. The conflict began when France declared war on Austria following a gradual increase in tensions following the French Revolution in 1789.
+===Religion===
+  *  1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion began in Scotland.
+===Literature===
+  *  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) --- The most significant writer of France during the eighteenth century was not Voltaire but the Swiss-born Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He taught the essential goodness of human nature, the rightness of our instincts, and the corruption of civilised institutions. He was the man of feeling in an age when intellect was worshipped. He was a reformer of education, an inspirer of revolutionary ideas in government and economics, and in literature a forerunner of romanticism. He has probably had more influence on ideas than any other man of the eighteenth century.
+  *  Voltaire (1694-1778) --- Attacked bigotry and superstition, and championed the victims of religious persecution and of political injustice. More than any other man he embodies the spirit of the age of reason. But most of his voluminous writings were too much concerned with questions of his own day to endure permanently. Only his letters and a few of his tales are now much read.
+  *  Denis Diderot (1713-1784) --- Director-in-chief of the famous Encyclop+¬die, which was designed both as a storehouse of information and as an arsenal of weapons to attack ignorance, superstition, and intolerance. In purely literary matters the taste of the age was still classical. Voltaire's poetic tragedies, for instance, were modelled largely on those of Corneille and Racine. Diderot was more of an innovator. His plays, in particular, testify to the ever-increasing importance and power of the middle class.
+  *  Pierre de Marivaux (1688-1763) --- Writer of comedies.
+  *  Pierre Beaumarchais (1732-1799) --- Writer of comedies.
+=====Timeline of Inventions=====
+: Seed drill: Jethro Tull \\
+: Iron smelting using coke: Abraham Darby I \\
+: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori \\
+: Thermometer: Ren+¬ Antoine Ferchault de R+¬aumur \\
+: Tuning fork: John Shore \\
+: Steam piston engine: Thomas Newcomen \\
+: Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury thermometer \\
+: The diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft. \\
+: The sextant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America \\
+: Flying shuttle: John Kay \\
+: Europeans discovered rubber - the discovery was made by Charles-Marie de la Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestly \\
+: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman \\
+: Vitus Bering discovered Alaska \\
+: Franklin stove: Benjamin Franklin \\
+: The Leyden jar invented by Ewald von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor \\
+: Flatboat: Jacob Yoder \\
+: Joseph Black describes latent heat \\
+- 1785: The French Encyclop+¬die \\
+: Benjamin Franklin: Lightning is electrical \\
+: Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin \\
+: The English Dictionary by Samuel Johnson \\
+: The problem of Longitude was finally resolved by the fouth chronometer of John Harrison \\
+: Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves/Thomas Highs \\
+: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies. \\
+: Carbonated water: Joseph Priestley \\
+- 1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands \\
+: Steam car: Nicolas Cugnot \\
+: Steam engine: James Watt \\
+: Water frame: Richard Arkwright/Thomas Highs \\
+: new kind of Boring machine: John Wilkinson \\
+: Submarine Turtle: David Bushnell \\
+: Steamboat: Claude de Jouffroy \\
+: The Wealth of Nations, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith \\
+: Card teeth making machine: Oliver Evans \\
+: Circular saw: Samuel Miller \\
+: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhouse of the Netherlands \\
+: Spinning mule: Samuel Crompton \\
+: Iron rocket: Tipu Sultan in India \\
+: Hot air balloon: Montgolfier brothers \\
+: Multitubular boiler engine: John Stevens \\
+: Parachute: Jean Pierre Blanchard \\
+: Argand lamp: Ami Argand \\
+: Bifocals: Benjamin Franklin \\
+: Shrapnel shell: Henry Shrapnel \\
+: Automatic flour mill: Oliver Evans \\
+: Power loom: Edmund Cartwright \\
+: William Withering: publishes the first definitive account of the use of foxglove (digitalis) for treating dropsy \\
+: Threshing machine: Andrew Meikle \\
+: Jacques Charles: Charles' law of ideal gas \\
+: Non-condensing high pressure Engine: Oliver Evans \\
+: Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry \\
+: Cut and head nail machine: Jacob Perkins \\
+: Artificial teeth: Nicholas Dubois De Chemant \\
+: Cotton gin: Eli Whitney \\
+: Optical telegraph: Claude Chappe \\
+: Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact \\
+: Cast iron plow: Charles Newbold \\
+: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination \\
+: Lithography: Alois Senefelder \\
+: Vaccination: Edward Jenner \\
+: Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon's troops. \\
+: Seeding machine: Eliakim Spooner \\
+: William Smith: Publishes geologic map of England, first geologic map ever, first applicaton of stratigraphy